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Jews have historically used Hebrew patronymic names. In the Jewish patronymic system the first name is followed by either ''ben-'' or ''bat-'' ("son of" and "daughter of," respectively), and then the father's name. (''Bar-'', "son of" in Aramaic, is also seen). Permanent family surnames exist today but only gained popularity among Sephardic Jews in Iberia and elsewhere as early as the 10th or 11th century and did not spread widely to the Ashkenazic Jews of Germany or Eastern Europe until the 18th and 19th century, where the adoption of German surnames was imposed in exchange for Jewish emancipation. Although Ashkenazi Jews now use European or modern-Hebrew surnames for everyday life, the Hebrew patronymic form is still used in Jewish religious and cultural life. It is used in synagogue and in documents in Jewish law such as the ketubah (marriage contract). == Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry == Surnames were not unknown among the Jews of the Middle Ages, and as Jews began to mingle more with their fellow citizens, the practice of using or adopting civic surnames in addition to the "sacred" name, used only in religious connections, grew commensurately. Among the Sephardim this practice was common long before the exile from Spain, and probably became still more common as a result of the example of the conversos, who on adopting Christianity accepted in most cases the family names of their godfathers. Among the Ashkenazim, whose isolation from the mainstream majority population in the lands where they lived was more complete, the use of surnames only started to become common in the eighteenth century in most places. The use of surnames became common very early among the Arabic-speaking Jews, who naturally carried the custom into the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal). Among Sephardi Jews are found such names as Abeldano, corresponding to ''Ibn el-Danan''; Abencabre, corresponding to ''Ibn Zabara''; Avinbruch, corresponding to ''Ibn Baruch'', Hacen corresponding to Hassan or Hazan; and the like. Biblical names often take curious forms in the Iberian records, ''Isaac'' appearing as Acaz, ''Cohen'' as Coffen or Coffe, ''Yom-Ṭob'' as Bondia, ''Ẓemaḥ'' as Crescas or Cresquez. The ''Ḥen'' family appears to have adopted a translation of the name of their home-village, Gracia, near Barcelona.〔Loeb. ''R. E. J.'' iv. 73.〕 Indeed, among the Sephardi the tendency to adopt family names from localities is largely developed; hence were derived such names as Espinosa, Gerondi, Cavalleria, De La Torre, del Monte, Lousada, and Villa Real. The name ''Sasportas'' deserves special attention, as it is really the Balearic dialectal form of La Porta. The "Asturias" family name was also said to be adopted by Sephardic Jews who had migrated to the northern province of Spain, which is also called Asturias. Many families, especially among New Christians (Jewish converts to Catholicism) and Crypto-Jews, but not restricted to them, took Spanish and Portuguese family names, sometimes using translations (such as ''Vidal''/''de Vidas'' for ''Hayyim'', ''Lobos'' for ''Zev'', ''de Paz'' for ''Shalom'', and ''de la Cruz'' or ''Espírito Santo'' for ''Ruah''); phonetic similarities according to a kinnui-like system, sometimes choosing between already existing ones (such as ''Pizarro''/''Pissarro'', ''Mendes'', ''Fonseca'', ''Calle'' or ''Rodrígues''); even given names (for example, ''de Jesus'' or ''de Miguel''). Julio Caro Baroja, supporting the Leite de Vasconcelos's thesis in his "Anthroponymy Portuguesa, 4" argues, for example, that the surnames related to "calle" (English: "street"), that would be the equivalent in something like a ghetto, are Jewish origin. This is the case of Alonso Calle, treasurer on the first voyage of Christopher Columbus to the Americas, who was one of the settlers of Sephardic origin who composed the crew. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish surname」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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